Ricks, Flasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: Penguin, 2006), 79-80. James Fallows, "Blind into Baghdad," Atlantic Monthly, January/February 2004, 58 Ibid., 61 Thomas E. You may use ibid. (see Rule 2) if referring to multiple passages from a single source.Ĥ. If you wish to indicate that an idea came from more than one source, follow the footnote number with the note form for each source, separated with semicolons, in the same order as you refer to them in the text. Rule 3: Referencing multiple sources in one footnote The term takes the place of identical information (author(s), title, and potentially even the page number) in the previous footnote. When a particular source is referenced multiple times consecutively, the abbreviation ibid. can be used in the footnotes after the first one. Word processors like Word and Google Docs can automate basic formatting for you (e.g., An Insert footnote option inserts a superscripted number after your sentence as well as the associated footnote number at the bottom of the page). The footnote itself should appear at the bottom of the page. If your paper is divided into chapters, numbering can restart for each chapter. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively though your paper (not restarting from 1 on each page). To create a footnote in the body of your paper, add a superscripted note reference number immediately following the quotation or idea you wish to attribute (typically at the end of a sentence). What other rules do I need to know to write the footnote? If you aren't sure if shortened footnotes should be used in your paper, check with your teacher. Typically, this includes the last name of the author or other primary contributor, a shortened version of the title (if longer than 4 words), and a page number. When a full reference to the source has already been included in the bibliography, or in a previous footnote, subsequent footnotes can be shortened to provide enough information to lead your reader back to the full citation. For other types of sources, like books and journals, both a footnote and a bibliography entry are always included. For certain types of sources, like e-mails, well-known encyclopedias, and legal documents, your footnote is often sufficient documentation - an entry may not be necessary in your bibliography. A footnote is used to inform your reader where you have sourced a particular quotation or idea within the body of your paper.
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